Brasilia
Une Capsule Temporelle
« Mon intérêt pour la ville de Brasilia vient d’un mélange de fascination et de nostalgie pour les histoires et les représentations du Futur. En effet, la ville d’Oscar Niemeyer, capitale brésilienne construite en 4 ans au milieu d’un désert, incarne la vision du futur des années 60. Le plan pilote conçu en 1957 par l’urbaniste Lucio Costa coincide avec le début de l’ère spatiale et du premier satellite artificiel de la Terre : Sputnik. C’est donc l’âge d’or du space age, et la ville de Brasilia, avec ses airs de soucoupe volante qui aurait atterri au milieu de nulle part, montre la nostalgie et le rêve d’un futur resté gelé dans le temps. Le cas est unique de par sa taille, une ville entière, et de par son état de conservation : le plan pilote de la ville est resté inchangé en raison de son inscription au patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco. Brasilia, temple moderniste fossilisé dans un avenir utopique est une véritable capsule temporelle. J’ai utilisé la ville comme un décor dont les habitants sont mis en scène. Lors de mes déambulations me sont revenues à l’esprit différentes histoires : De la rigueur de la science de Jorge Luis Borges (1946) et cet étrange empire dont une carte géographique recouvre tout le territoire, Le Désert des Tartares de Dino Buzzati (1940) et le récit d’un homme qui attend toute sa vie un évènement qui n’arrivera pas ou encore le film The Truman Show de Peter Weir (1988) dont le héros vit dans une illusion. Il faut enfin aussi dire la beauté sidérante et folle de la ville de Brasilia où absolument tout est composé avec la même écriture : linéaire, précise, minimale, fluide, radicale, aérienne, monumentale, musicale… ».
Vincent Fournier, 2019.
Une partie de la série « Brasilia » fait partie de la collection permanente du Metropolitan Museum of Art à New York (texte disponible sur le site du MET) et de la collection LVMH à Paris.
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Dans cet entretien avec Christian Larsen, Conservateur adjoint au Metropolitan Museum of Art à New York, l’artiste photographe Vincent Fournier s’exprime au sujet de la vision futuriste de la capitale brésilienne : Brasília.
Interview of Vincent Fournier by Christian Larsen in TL Mag 31, 2019, Pro Materia
Brasilia
A Time Capsule
“My interest in the city of Brasilia comes from a mixture of fascination and nostalgia for the stories and representations of the Future. Indeed, the Brazilian capital designed by Oscar Niemeyer and built in 4 years in the middle of a desert, embodies the vision of the future of the 60s. The pilot plan conceived in 1957 by urban planner Lucio Costa coincides with the beginning of the space age and the first artificial satellite of Earth: Sputnik. It is the golden age of the space age, and the city of Brasilia, with its air of a flying saucer that would have landed in the middle of nowhere, shows nostalgia and the dream of a future frozen in time. The case is unique because of its size, an entire city, and its state of conservation: the city’s pilot plan has remained unchanged due to its inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Brasilia, a fossilized modernist temple in a utopian future, is a veritable time capsule. For this series, I used the city as a setting in which the inhabitants are staged. During my wanderings, different stories came to mind: On Exactitude in Science by Jorge Luis Borges (1946) and this strange empire whose geographical map covers the whole territory, The Desert of the Tartars by Dino Buzzati (1940) and the story of a man who waits all his life for an event that will not happen or the film The Truman Show by Peter Weir (1988) whose hero lives in an illusion. Finally, we must also mention the breathtaking and crazy beauty of the city of Brasilia where absolutely everything is composed with the same writing: linear, precise, minimal, fluid, radical, airy, monumental, musical…”.
I used the city as a backdrop for this series of work, one in which its own inhabitants were part of the staging. During my travels I kept coming back to the stories of Jorge Luis Borges and the strange empire whose map covers the city; (Fictions, 1946), by Dino Buzzatti and the idea of time on the run (The Desert of the Tartars, 1940), or the movie, “The Truman Show”, by Peter Weir (1988) whose hero lives in an illusion. Finally, we must also mention the breath-taking and crazy beauty of the city of Brasilia where absolutely everything is composed with the same writing: linear, precise, minimal, fluid, radical, aerial, monumental, musical …
Part of the series “Brasilia” is part of the permanent collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (text available on the MET website) and the LVMH collection in Paris.”
Vincent Fournier, 2019.
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In this interview with Christian Larsen, Deputy Curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, artist photographer Vincent Fournier speaks about the futuristic vision of the Brazilian capital: Brasília.
Christian Larsen : How was your interest in Brasília born? Was it part of a broader project to photograph utopian cities, or were you interested in the Brazilian capital itself?
Vincent Fournier :
My interest in Brasilia comes from my fascination with the way we see and imagine the future. All my projects – space exploration, humanoid robots, the transformation of life through technology or utopian architecture – explore different visions of the future. It can be the future of yesterday, the old images of the future, or the one we imagine for tomorrow. I went to Brasília with this idea in mind. Indeed, the date of the “pilot plan”, conceived in 1957, coincides with the launch of the Earth’s first artificial satellite: Sputnik. So Brasilia was born at the beginning of the space age and the whole aes- thetics of the city is largely inspired by it. It is the dream of space and the race towards the future that is metaphorically and anticipatively embodied in the city’s architecture. The windows-portholes resemble those of Gagarin’s space capsule, the passageways that connect the various buildings evoke the long corridors of the orbital stations, and the architec- ture on stilts anticipates the “chicken legs » of the future moon landing modules. The metaphor is sometimes even more obvious as with the National Museum surrounded by a ring of Saturn. Moreover, this city that has fantasized about space and invented its own future has remained frozen in time. In fact, the city plan, identical since its origin, has been registered since 1985 as a Unesco World Heritage site, which preserves it definitively from any change. Brasilia is therefore a bubble out of time, a time capsule where the dream of the future of the 60s is nostalgically offered. It is magnificent and fas- cinating the way the Brazilian capital has been thought and created with the same aesthetic, the same coherence. What rigor and what madness! It’s also a very special case because in only four years, architect Oscar Niemeyer and urban planner Lucio Costa have literally brought this city into being in the middle of the desert. It is an oasis capital, an island like the one in Thomas More’s book «Utopia».
Christian Larsen : I had the same impression as you: that of a vast horizontal landscape. Its buildings, its proportions, everything seems to highlight the horizon, like a vanishing point. Your choice of a horizontal format therefore seemed very wise to me. I imagine that you went there first to discover the buildings and their spaces. Your selection suggests that you have not come across many surprises; did you ever enter a building and be struck by a fleeting moment of beauty that you had never seen in photography? We know, for example, the Itamaraty spiral staircase, but we rarely see Athos Bulcão’s latticework, which forms a spatial and visual screen at its base. What do you think of it?
Vincent Fournier : There is also a theatrical dimension in this horizontality, like a stage where a play is performed. But to come back to your vision of a city whose architecture enhances the horizon, I completely share your point of view. The horizontality of the city, its high altitude, the constant presence of the sky… everything contributes to attracting our gaze to the infinite. It’s very relaxing because when the gaze is drawn to the horizon, the optic nerve is at rest. At the same time, this gaze directed towards the distance also invites us to reflect, to imagine the future. In this regard, the Latin word for future is “to come”. It is what is to come, what will come: ad venturus. Moreover, Lucio Costa used to say “the sky is the sea of Brasilia”. And indeed the sky is everywhere in the city. It even passes between the emptiness of the buildings, like between the planks of a set. Sometimes you have the strange impression of being behind the scene of a monumental set, your eyes constantly caught by the sky.
Christian Larsen : Some photographs give an overwhelming feeling of emptiness and the luxury of having almost the entire city to yourself. This type of space often gives me a feeling of loneliness.
Vincent Fournier : That’s right! Strolling around the city of Brasilia is also an experience of emptiness, an emptiness that is always in dialogue with the full. In fact, the space of the city is so rationalized that even the empty places are integrated as units in the great grid of the general plan. Everything seems to be based on a very geometric and abstract conception of space, as if the mathematical universe absorbed the physical universe. It is a very strange feeling, the feeling of being alone, lost in a setting whose scale is beyond the measure of man. It reminds me of Jorge Luis Borges’s novel “On Exactitude in Science” where “a map of the Empire had the format of the Empire and coincided with it, point by point”.
Christian Larsen : Everything is rationally subdivided into sectors, which separate the population rather than integrate it into its multiple activities. Shopping centres are thus isolated from residential areas, or superquadras, which are themselves separate from administrative and government buildings. This type of organisation seemed to me to be very close to modernist thinking, but far removed from socialism, to which Oscar Niemeyer adhered. It also contrasts with Jane Jacobs’ wise observations on the liveliness of the street, where different com- mercial, social, professional and recreational activities coexist at any time of the day or night. The wealth of a city lies in the plurality of its inhabitants and activities that occupy the same space at the same time. The subdivision of all these functions and their partitioning into sectors thus gives the urban experience a strangely hollow and military tone. It is easy to feel lonely in a city whose proportions are set by these long horizontal stretches. Very sur- real, Brasília in some ways recalls Los Angeles. Both Costa and Niemeyer believed that the city centre would be based on a motorized lifestyle: distances are calculated for cars and no one walks there. But your photographs seem to be more interested in architecture and spatial aesthetics than in urban planning. Did you ask these solitary people to pose for you, or were they just there at that moment? The photograph of the National Theatre gives the impression that you asked this man to pose there for you. Did you feel that these solitary spaces needed to be animated by one or more characters?
Vincent Fournier : The horizontality we were talking about gives the impression of moving around in a gigantic theatre stage. So we needed actors! I used the city as a set and staged its own inhabitants. My aim was to compose pictural images from narrative, aesthetic and sometimes absurd situations. For example the photograph of the National Museum with the ring of Saturn and the cloud above the character in costume is a reference to Magritte’s surrealist universe. The character also in costume of the National Theatre is a contemporary dancer whom I invited to improvise movements echoing the shape of the building. The idea was to create a dialogue a tension between a static heavy and massive architecture and a silhouette in movement. But to come back to this impression of isolation and uniformity this in fact contradicts the initial project. In fact instead of bringing the inhabitants together in a shared space as Oscar Niemeyer wanted the city separated and distanced them from each other. This contradiction can be found in Thomas More’s Island “Utopia” whose perfection rests largely on the standardization of all its elements both geographical architectural and human. On the island of Utopia there is no diversity the inhabitants all lead the same existence work the same number of hours and live in the same houses.
Christian Larsen : The photographs you have taken and the feeling of walking alone through these spaces are very abstract. The sense of rhythm, the materials and the spaces they delineate are geometric abstractions, some- times disintegrated, sometimes ordered, but always spacious. It is an interesting challenge for a photographer to capture them, and to do so in beauty. But your work is not only equal to the best geometric abstraction or the best architec- tural photography: it is the human presence or absence that gives depth or poetry to your shots. I’m intrigued by the spaces that provide the vague sensation of a recent or imminent event, such as the lobby of the Brasília Palace Hotel, where a party has just ended, or the Itamaraty blue staircase, which an important civil servant could take at any moment.
Vincent Fournier : Thank you! For the image of the Brasília Palace Hotel, it is the decor with the fresco of Athos Bulcao that inspired me to the idea of a party that is coming to an end. So I gathered the remains of a party balloons confetti garlands to give this impression of joyful melancholy.
Christian Larsen : I also enjoyed Brasília, which gives a fascinating glimpse of a bygone future. Perhaps one day our current conception of cities will also become obsolete. Do you think that is a success or that some aspects of the city have not lived up to utopian aspirations?
Vincent Fournier : As you said, the richness of a city lies in its pluralism and the expression of differences is therefore a factor of vitality. The conception of Brasilia is very different. It seems that the whole city is based on the aspiration to transform life into a perfect equation with a global language and a single vision. However, this desire clashes with the principle of reality. Let’s take the example of the superquadras: supposed to live in these autonomous environments, the inhabitants did not want to be confined to them and sought diversity. The superquadras did not function as planned. The Utopia of Brasilia is therefore partly a failure, at least in its functioning, because the aesthetics remain admirable. Nevertheless, it is a necessary failure, as are utopias whose aim is to challenge habits. It is a question of pushing the cursors to their limits, of making hypotheses in order to propose other models.
Christian Larsen : Indeed, the city is very interesting in terms of aesthetics. We have the feeling of modern palaces inspired by ancient Roman architecture, reduced and multiplied on a large scale. In these vast empty spaces, especially the large fields of grass on the Monumental Axis, one has the impression that the city could at some point contain the entire population of Brazil if it were necessary. There is this idea of infinite space and horizon. But it’s a contradiction. Indeed, the city was not designed to accommodate the entire population of Brazil. The plan called for 500,000 civil servants. That’s also why it’s so strange. The government employees were supposed to live in the main central plan, and the planners did not expect waves of immigrants to arrive in the city. So the satellite cities grew to accommodate all the other citizens who had come to make their lives. Now the city has more than 2.5 million inhabitants. This is far more than the planners had envisioned.
Vincent Fournier: Yes, the planners did not expect workers to stay in the satellite city of Brasilia once the work was finished. Coming back to this feeling of strangeness linked to the great empty spaces of the main axis, it reminds me of that film with Jim Carrey. He plays a character whose life is filmed, without him knowing it, for a reality TV show. His world is a gigantic movie set. He lives in an illusion.
Christian Larsen : Oh “The Truman Show”! Yes it’s like a movie set.
Vincent Fournier : And the satellite city would be real life, as opposed to the heart of the city and all its administration. I really like this movie! It reminds me of the parallel universes in Philip K Dick’s books.
Interview of Vincent Fournier by Christian Larsen in TL Mag 31, 2019, Pro Materia
Brasilia
By Leah Pfenning
French photographer, Vincent Fournier’s series Brasilia showcases the audacious architecture of Brazil’s utopianesque capital city. Fournier’s photography, hosting an eerie air of the city’s stark landscape, is a visual exegesis of sorts of Brasilia’s fascinating history.
The capital city, built in just 41 months from 1956 to its official inauguration in 1960, was part of an effort to make the capital of Brazil more centrally located, geographically speaking. Brasilia is the aesthetic brainchild of urban planner, Lúcio Costa and architect, Oscar Niemeyer. Coming to fruition during the era of the Cold War, much of the city planning reflects a utopian ideal of a city globalized with the victorious allies of World War II, namely the Exio Monumental (Monumental Axis) that strongly resembles the shape of an aircraft, a talisman-like symbol of the war.
Brasilia is a city of 20th century ideals. Niemeyer said, “The ultimate task of the architect is to dream. Otherwise nothing happens.” Fournier’s curiosity for these manifested late-century dreams delivers a rattling sense of presence. The meticulous attention to detail and the stark contrast of the composition in Fournier’s photos suspends a feeling of foreboding over everything we see as modern. Looking at constructions of the past that were, at the time, constructions of the future, makes us question the sustainability of our own constructs of what’s to come.
The capital city’s three-dimensionally constructed fantasies of the future quiver in the test of time. Ideals, utopia, and dreams are not singular; they’re not exclusive, and they don’t conform to dimensions, Brasilia has taught us that much. Fournier’s work asks us to consider that our own future is as elusive and unplannable. Forward momentum is inevitable; perhaps the energy is best focused on the now.
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The project on Oscar Niemeyer’s city, Brasilia, presents for me a particular interest in its relationship with time and fiction. Brasilia shows the nostalgia for a future which belongs to the past, as a modernist temple fossilized in an utopian future which did not take place. Wandering in the city transforms us into a visitor of a life-size stage, where fiction mixes reality as in Jorge Luis Borges’s novel.
In that empire, the art of cartography attained such perfection that the map of a single province occupied the entirety of a city, and the map of the empire, the entirety of a province. In time, those unconscionable maps no longer satisfied, and the cartographers guilds struck a map of the empire whose size was that of the empire, and which coincided point for point with it.
Jorge Luis Borges, Collected Fictions, Buenos Aires, March 1946